Women tend to be less confident investors than their male counterparts, and although this should be addressed by wealth managers, it has not necessarily detracted from performance

Wealthy individuals are conscious of having to prepare for the unexpected, though many possess an incomplete understanding of risk profiling and processes. Their advisers need to bridge this gap

High net worth individuals are happier turning to relatives for financial education rather than to wealth managers, though most agree more formal initiatives are beneficial

Relationship managers must re-educate themselves to cope with new regulations and commercial considerations

Private banks have been slow to explore the opportunities that Islamic finance could offer, but there are signs this is starting to change

Today’s private bankers must devote time and resources to building enduring relationships with their clients while always keeping an eye on changing regulations

In order to prevent rivals poaching staff, Mediolanum decided any new training programme had to be “legendary”. Oscar Di Montigny is the man in charge of the result, a corporate university, and he talks to Yuri Bender